The first series of Anarchy, published between 1961 and 1970 by London based Freedom Press and edited by Colin Ward, is a popular, fascinating and beautiful highlight in our collections.
For the full list of all issues of Anarchy in the Digital Library, just scroll down a little further!
Issues of Anarchy feature articles on a wide range of subjects, including society, art, history, technology, etc. The publication remains very important, not only as a historical record of the movement and its ideas, but many articles are just as relevant now as they were over half a century ago.
Following the first series of Anarchy a second series was published until the mid-1980s. For information on the second series please see this account by Philip Ruff on the KSL website.
Amongst some particularly noteworthy issues of the first series are (please note this is totally subjective and a bit random list):
Anarchy 012 Vol:02 #02 A Journal of Anarchist Ideas (Feb 1962)
This issue features the results of a membership survey of Freedom readers, providing a fascinating snapshot of that group of people.
Anarchy 034 Vol:03 #12 Science Fiction (Dec 1963)
Anarchy 038 Vol:04 #04 - Nottingham (Apr 1964)
This one is a true treasure, a time capsule and a snapshot of social and political life in Nottingham in the mid-sixties. Also presents a fascinating depiction of some of the more delirious city planning schemes in that car obsessed decade.
Anarchy 049 Vol:05 #03 Automation (Mar 1965)
Anarchy 056 Vol:05 #10 - Emma Goldman in a Man's world… (Oct 1965)
Anarchy 072 Vol:07 #02 Strike City, Mississippi (Feb 1967)
Anarchy 089 Vol:08 #07 The Maydays in France (Jul 1968)
The journals are also notable for their cover art, many featuring the work of Rufus Segar. Numerous authors contributed to the journals over the years, amongst them:
Marie Louise Berneri, Albert Meltzer, Paul Goodman, George Woodcock, Murray Bookchin, and Nicholas Walter.
Missing issues:
We now have a complete set of the first series in our collections (yay!). Things are a lot patchier when it comes to the second series. Should you be able to donate any of the missing copies or loan them to us so we can digitise them, it would be very much appreciated if you could please get in touch.
Technical stuff:
All files are PDFs of reasonable resolution (300dpi). The files vary in size, but average at 22ishMB. So they (should) not crash your browser, but depending on the speed of your internet connection you might have to wait a bit for them to load. Almost all of the files feature OCR. Given that the fonts used by Freedom all those years ago are rather liked by the software we use, the quality of the OCR is quite good. So copying and pasting text will work relatively reliably, though it is not good enough that you can simply rely on a word search (if you are really looking for something, you will have to do it the hard way to make sure you are not missing something).
If you spot errors, unresponsive links, etc. please do not hesitate to get in touch.
Digitised issues hosted in our Digital Library:
First Series:
Anarchy (First Series) 001 Vol:01 #01, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Mar, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 002 Vol:01 #02, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Apr, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 26
Anarchy (First Series) 003 Vol:01 #03, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: May, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 004 Vol:01 #04, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Where the shoe pinches, Published: Jun, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 26
Anarchy (First Series) 005 Vol:01 #05, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Spain The Revolution of 1936, Published: Jul, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 006 Vol:01 #06, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Jean Vigo Zero De Conduite L'Atlante, Published: Aug, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 007 Vol:01 #07, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Adventure Playground - A Parable of Anarchy, Published: Sep, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 008 Vol:01 #08, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Oct, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 009 Vol:01 #09, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Prison, Published: Nov, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 010 Vol:01 #10, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Alan Sillitoe Colin Macinnes Committee of 100 Augustus John, Published: Dec, 1961, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 011 Vol:02 #01, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - The World of Paul Goodman, Published: Jan, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 012 Vol:02 #02, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Feb, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 013 Vol:02 #03, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Direct Action, Published: Mar, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 014 Vol:02 #04, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Direct Action, Published: Apr, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 015 Vol:02 #05, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: May, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 016 Vol:02 #06, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Jun, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 017 Vol:02 #07, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Jul, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 018 Vol:02 #08, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Aug, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 019 Vol:02 #09, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Sep, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 020 Vol:02 #10, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Oct, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 021 Vol:02 #11, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Nov, 1962, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 022 Vol:02 #12, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Dec, 1962, Pages: 34, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 023 Vol:03 #01, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Housing Squatters, Published: Jan, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 024 Vol:03 #02, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - The Community of Scholars, Published: Feb, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 025 Vol:03 #03, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Technology, science and anarchism, Published: Mar, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 026 Vol:03 #04, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas, Published: Apr, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 027 Vol:03 #05, A Journal of Anarchist Ideas - Talking about Youth, Published: May, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 028 Vol:03 #06, The Future of Anarchism, Published: Jun, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 029 Vol:03 #07, The Spies for Peace Story, Published: Jul, 1963, Pages: 44, File size: 31
Anarchy (First Series) 030 Vol:03 #08, The Community Workshop, Published: Aug, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 031 Vol:03 #09, , Published: Sep, 1963, Pages: 32, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 032 Vol:03 #10, Crime, Published: Oct, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 033 Vol:03 #11, The Anarchism of Alex Comfort, Published: Nov, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 034 Vol:03 #12, Science Fiction, Published: Dec, 1963, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 035 Vol:04 #01, House and Home, Published: Jan, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 036 Vol:04 #02, Arms of the Law, Published: Feb, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 037 Vol:04 #03, Why I won't vote, Published: Mar, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 038 Vol:04 #04, Nottingham, Published: Apr, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 038 Vol:04 #04, Nottingham, Published: Apr, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 039 Vol:04 #05, The legacy of Homer Lane, Published: Apr, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 040 Vol:04 #06, The Unions & Workers Control, Published: Jun, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 041 Vol:04 #07, The Land, Published: Jul, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 042 Vol:04 #08, , Published: Aug, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 043 Vol:04 #09, Parents and teachers, Published: Sep, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 044 Vol:04 #10, , Published: Oct, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 045 Vol:04 #11, The Greeks had a word for it, Published: Nov, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 046 Vol:04 #12, , Published: Dec, 1964, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 047 Vol:05 #01, Towards Freedom in Work, Published: Jan, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 048 Vol:05 #02, Peter Brooks film of Lord of the Flies from the Novel of William Golding, Published: Feb, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 049 Vol:05 #03, Automation, Published: Mar, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 26
Anarchy (First Series) 050 Vol:05 #04, The Anarchist Outlook, Published: Apr, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 051 Vol:05 #05, Blues RnB Pop Folk, Published: May, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 052 Vol:05 #06, , Published: Jun, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 053 Vol:05 #07, After School, Published: Jul, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 29
Anarchy (First Series) 054 Vol:05 #08, Erich Muehsam Martin Buber Gustav Landauer, Published: Aug, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 055 Vol:05 #09, , Published: Sep, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 056 Vol:05 #10, Emma Goldman in a Man's world…, Published: Oct, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 057 Vol:05 #11, , Published: Nov, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 058 Vol:05 #12, Statelessness and Homelessness, Published: Dec, 1965, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 059 Vol:06 #01, , Published: Jan, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 21
Anarchy (First Series) 060 Vol:06 #02, Synanon & Anarchism/Narcotic Addiction, Published: Feb, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 061 Vol:06 #03, Creative Vandalism for 2 Shillings or 30 Cents, Published: Mar, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 26
Anarchy (First Series) 062 Vol:06 #04, Anarchism as a Theory of Organisation, Published: April, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 063 Vol:06 #05, An Early Renaissance Text: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude, Published: May, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 064 Vol:06 #06, , Published: June, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 065 Vol:06 #07, 111 years ago…, Published: Jul, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 066 Vol:06 #08, Provo, Published: Aug, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 067 Vol:06 #09, , Published: Sep, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 068 Vol:06 #10, , Published: Oct, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 21
Anarchy (First Series) 069 Vol:06 #11Anarchy 69 is about Ecology, Published: Nov, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 21
Anarchy (First Series) 070 Vol:06 #12, Libertarian Psychiatry-An Introduction to Existential Analysis, Published: Dec, 1966, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 071 Vol:07 #01, Education, Published: Jan, 1967, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 072 Vol:07 #02, Strike City, Mississippi, Published: Feb, 1967, Pages: 36, File size: 21
Anarchy (First Series) 073 Vol:07 #03, The Free School Idea, Published: Mar, 1967, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 074 Vol:07 #04, How Realistic is Anarchism?, Published: Apr, 1967, Pages: 34, File size: 24
Anarchy (First Series) 075 Vol:07 #05, Kate Vandegrift: Trying it on - Improvised Drama, Published: May, 1967, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 076 Vol:07 #06, How many years to 1968?, Published: Jun, 1967, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 077 Vol:07 #07, Do-It-Yourself Anarchism, Published: Jul, 1967, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 078 Vol:07 #08, Towards A Liberatory Technology, Published: Aug, 1967, Pages: 40, File size: 27
Anarchy (First Series) 079 Vol:07 #09, , Published: Sep, 1967, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 080 Vol:07 #10, Workers' Control, Published: Oct, 1967, Pages: 36, File size: 19
Anarchy (First Series) 081 Vol:07 #11, , Published: Nov, 1967, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 082 Vol:07 #12, , Published: Dec, 1967, Pages: 40, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 083 Vol:08 #01, Tenants Take Over, Published: Jan, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 084 Vol:08 #02, Poverty, Published: Feb, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 085 Vol:08 #03, Conversations about Anarchism, Published: Mar, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 086 Vol:08 #04, Fishermen & Workers Control, Published: Apr, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 087 Vol:08 #05, , Published: May, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 21
Anarchy (First Series) 088 Vol:08 #06, Wasteland Culture by George Benello, Published: Jun, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 089 Vol:08 #07, The Maydays in France, Published: Jul, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 27
Anarchy (First Series) 090 Vol:08 #08, Student Anarchy, Published: Aug, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 091 Vol:08 #09, Artists and Anarchism, Published: Sep, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 21
Anarchy (First Series) 092 Vol:08 #10, Risinghill and Kilquhanity, Published: Oct, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 25
Anarchy (First Series) 093 Vol:08 #11, Radio freedom, Published: Nov, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 094 Vol:08 #12, The Machinery of Conformity, Published: Dec, 1968, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 095 Vol:09 #01, Yugoslavia: is it workers control, Published: Jan, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 096 Vol:09 #02, Revolution, Published: Feb, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 097 Vol:09 #03, Architects and People, Published: Mar, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 098 Vol:09 #04, A Libertarian Criminology, Published: Apr, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 099 Vol:09 #05, Lessons of the French Revolution, Published: May, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 21
Anarchy (First Series) 100 Vol:09 #06, About Anarchism, Published: Jun, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 101 Vol:09 #07, Approved schools and detention centres, Published: Jul, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 18
Anarchy (First Series) 102 Vol:09 #08, Squatters, Published: Aug, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 103 Vol:09 #09, The rights of the young, Published: Sep, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 19
Anarchy (First Series) 104 Vol:09 #10, On Refusing, Published: Oct, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 105 Vol:09 #11, Wilhelm Reich and the Sexual Revolution, Published: Nov, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 19
Anarchy (First Series) 106 Vol:09 #12, Property is theft - J.P. Proudhon 1840, Published: Dec, 1969, Pages: 36, File size: 19
Anarchy (First Series) 107 Vol:10 #01, The Present Moment in Education, Published: Jan, 1970, Pages: 34, File size: 18
Anarchy (First Series) 108 Vol:10 #02, Big Flame Flickering, Published: Feb, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 21
Anarchy (First Series) 109 Vol:10 #03, Russell and the Anarchists, Published: Mar, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 110 Vol:10 #04, Jump my Brothers Jump. Poems from Prison by Tim Daly, Published: Apr, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 7
Anarchy (First Series) 111 Vol:10 #05, Anarchism, Freedom and Power by William O. Reichert, Published: May, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 21
Anarchy (First Series) 112 Vol:10 #06, Southern Africa, Published: Jun, 1970, Pages: 40, File size: 22
Anarchy (First Series) 113 Vol:10 #07, , Published: Jul, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 23
Anarchy (First Series) 114 Vol:10 #08, Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and the dream we hark Back to…, Published: Aug, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 115 Vol:10 #09, McLuhanism, a libertarian view by Kingsley Widmer, Published: Sep, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 19
Anarchy (First Series) 116 Vol:10 #10, Tory chief attacks the TUC leaders, Published: Oct, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 20
Anarchy (First Series) 117 Vol:10 #11, Mainly about the future of the urban environment…, Published: Nov, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 26
Anarchy (First Series) 118 Vol:10 #12, Keith Paton on Work and Surplus…, Published: Dec, 1970, Pages: 36, File size: 22
Second Series:
Anarchy (Second Series) #01 Vol:01 #01, Published: 1971, Pages: 35, File size: 43
Anarchy (Second Series) #04 Vol:01 #04, Published: 1972, Pages: 36, File size: 44
Anarchy (Second Series) #06 Vol:01 #06, Published: 1972, Pages: 40, File size: 120
Anarchy (Second Series) #08 Vol:01 #08, Published: 1973, Pages: 36, File size: 36
Anarchy (Second Series) #10 Vol:01 #10, Published: 1972, Pages: 32, File size: 29
Anarchy (Second Series) #11 Vol:01 #11, Published: 1972, Pages: 36, File size: 31
Anarchy (Second Series) #12, Published: 1973, Pages: 36, File size: 28
Anarchy (Second Series) #15, Published: 1973, Pages: 20, File size: 19
Anarchy (Second Series) #17, Published: 1973, Pages: 20, File size: 21
Anarchy (Second Series) #19, Published: 1973, Pages:, 20 File size: 50
Anarchy (Second Series) #20, Published: 1975, Pages: 20, File size: 16
Anarchy (Second Series) #21, Published: 1975, Pages: 20, File size: 48
Anarchy (Second Series) #25, Published: 1977, Pages: 28, File size: 37
Anarchy (Second Series) #28, Published: 1978, Pages: 28, File size: 31
Anarchy (Second Series) #29, Published: 1980, Pages: 28, File size: 65
Anarchy (Second Series) #36, Published: 1983, Pages: 36, File size: 53
Anarchy (Second Series) #37, Published: 1984, Pages: 44, File size: 64
Anarchy (Second Series) #38, Published: 1985, Pages: 44, File size: 60
Keywords:
1968 Revolts, Abortion, Africa, Amsterdam, Reproductive Rights, Anarchism, Angola, Anthropology, Architecture, Aristoteles, Art, Asylums, Athens, Automation, Autonomous Groups, Berlin 1968, Black Anarchy, Black Power, Bureaucracy, Capitalism, Children, Cinema, Class, CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Cold War, Committee of 100, Contracts, Crime, Cuba, Cyborgs, Democracy, Determinism, Diggers, Discrimination, Drugs, Ecology, Ecuador, Education, Egoism, Emma Goldman, Enrico Malatesta, Enviromentalism, Erich Muehsam, Ethics, Etienne de la Boetie, Fabianism, Factories, Farming, Feminism, Film, Fishing, France, French Revolution, Freud, George Orwell, Greek Philosophy, Gustav Landauer, Guyana, Historians, History, Holloway, Homelessness, Housing, Hugo Blanco, Identity, Individualism, Institutions, Japan, Jurisprudence, Justice System, Karl Marx, Kronstadt, Land, Latin America, Law Enforcement, Law, Liberalism, Libertarian Psychiatry, Psychiatry, Literature, Love, Lumpen-Proletariat, Malcom X, Marijuana, Marxism, May 1968, Media, Meliorism, Mental Health, Mississippi, Morality, Morals, Mozambique, Mutual Aid, New Wave, New York, Non-Violence, Notting Hill, Nottingham, Nuclear Weapons, Organisation, Ostergard, Pacifism, Parenting, Paris 1968, Peru, Peter Kropotkin, Pirate Radio, Play, Poetry, Poverty, Prison, Property, Provo, Psychiatry, Punishment, Race, Ray Gosling, Rent, Repression, Revolution, Rhodesia, Russia, Sadism, San Francisco, Schools, Self-Management, Sexuality, Social Control, Social Evolution, Social Revolution, Socialism, Society, Spies for Peace, Squatting, State, Syndicalism, Teachers, Technology, Teenagers, Tenants, Theatre, Trade Unions, Transport, Uruguay, Utopianism, Vandalism, Vietnam, Violence, Voluntarism, WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction, Women, Workers' Control, Youth Culture, Youth, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe, and many more…
Authors/contributors also include:
Alan Albon, Andy Anderson, David Austin, Paul Avrich, Robert Barltrop, George Benello, Leila Berg, Robert Best, Sally Blair, Marine Blanke, Dorothy Blitzen, Peter Brown, Martin Buber, Wilbur Burton, Bill Christopher, George Clark, Ivor Claydon, Marshall Colman, Maurice Cranston, John Crump, Tim aly, Penny Davies, Richard DeHaan, David Downes, Richard Drinnon, Jimmi Eichenauer, John Ellerby, Francis Ellingham, Godfrey Featherstone, Antony Fleming, Peter Ford, Michael Foreman, Alex Forman, Norman Fulford, Joe Garnett, Gaston Gerard, Morgan Gibson, Tony Gibson, Maurice Goldman, Ray Gosling, Robert Herbert, John Hewetson, Philip Holgate, Irving Horowitz, Jeremy Hunt, Vincent Johnson, William Johnson, Tom Jones, Stan Kohls, James Lynch, Kenneth Maddock, John Majoram, Henry Moore, Alan Morgan, Arthur Moyse, Henry Nevinson, Donald Nicholson-Smith, Benedict Nicolson, Geoffrey Ostergaard, David Page, Frank Pearce, Peter Pluscardin, Herbert Read, Jeff Robinson, Theodore Roszak, John Schubert, Diana Shelley, Martin Small, Alan Spitzer, William Spruce, Lyman Tower Sargent, Peter Turner, Ian Vine, Ken Weller, Jeremy Westall and Reg Wright.